Full Pupp Presents: The Greatest Tits, Vol. 1

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Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5thed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p.883. ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.

Samplonius, Jelmer M.; Both, Christiaan (2019). "Climate Change May Affect Fatal Competition between Two Bird Species". Current Biology. 29 (2): 327–331.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.063. PMID 30639109. Swann, H Kirke (1913). A dictionary of English and folk-names of British Birds. Witherby & Co, London. p.108. ISBN 978-0-7158-1239-6. Palmer TS (1893). The danger of introducing noxious animals and birds. US Department of Agriculture. pp.104–105. The great tit was described under its current binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. [3] Its scientific name is derived from the Latin parus "tit" and maior "larger". [4] Francis Willughby had used the name in the 17th century. [5] The 11 subspecies of the cinereous tit were once lumped with the great tit but recent genetic and bioacoustic studies now separate that group as a distinct speciesLaczi, Miklós; Hegyi, Gergely; Nagy, Gergely; Pongrácz, Rita; Török, János (2020). "Yellow plumage colour of Great Tits Parus major correlates with changing temperature and precipitation". Ibis. 162 (1): 232–237. doi: 10.1111/ibi.12761. hdl: 10831/46350. ISSN 1474-919X. Van Noordwijk, A.J.; McCleery, R.H.; Perrins, C.M. (1995). "Selection for the timing of Great Tit breeding in relation to caterpillar growth and temperature". Journal of Animal Ecology. 64 (4): 451–458. doi: 10.2307/5648. JSTOR 5648. Götmark, Frank (2002). "Predation by sparrowhawks favours early breeding and small broods in great tits". Oecologia. 130 (1): 25–32. Bibcode: 2002Oecol.130...25G. doi: 10.1007/s004420100769. PMID 28547022. S2CID 19909152. P. m. major, described by Linnaeus in 1758, is found throughout much of Europe, Asia Minor, northern and eastern Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and northern Mongolia, as far as the mid-Amur Valley. There are currently 15 recognised subspecies of great tit: [10] At Kew Gardens, London. The British subspecies P. m. newtoni has a wider mid-line ventral stripe on the lower belly than the nominate race

Inbreeding depression occurs when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. The reduced fitness is generally considered to be a consequence of the increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles in these offspring. In natural populations of P. major, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. [44] Ecology Balat, F (1981). "New Species of Biting Lice (Mallophaga) of the genera Penenirmus and Rostrinirmus" (PDF). Folia Parasitologica. 28: 161–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 February 2010.Cresswell, Will; McCleery, Robin (2003). "How Great Tits maintain synchronisation of their hatch date with food supply in response to long-term variability in temperature". Journal of Animal Ecology. 72 (2): 356–366. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00701.x.

Great tits are seasonal breeders. The exact timing of breeding varies by a number of factors, most importantly location. Most breeding occurs between January and September; in Europe the breeding season usually begins after March. In Israel there are exceptional records of breeding during the months of October to December. The amount of sunlight and daytime temperatures will also affect breeding timing. [10] One study found a strong correlation between the timing of laying and the peak abundance of caterpillar prey, which is in turn correlated to temperature. [36] On an individual level, younger females tend to start laying later than older females. [37] Leaving nest box Great tit nesting in nest boxPerrins, C. M. (1965). "Population fluctuations and clutch-size in the great tit, Parus major L" (PDF). The Journal of Animal Ecology. 34 (3): 601–647. doi: 10.2307/2453. JSTOR 2453. Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. p.332. ISBN 978-0-589-50260-7. Strohbach, Sabine; Curio, Eberhard; Bathen, Andrea; Epplen, Jorg; Lubjuhn, Thomas (1998). "Extrapair paternity in the great tit ( Parus major): a test of the "good genes" hypothesis". Behavioral Ecology. 9 (4): 388–396. doi: 10.1093/beheco/9.4.388. Wilkin, Teddy A.; King, Lucy E.; Sheldon, Ben C. (2009). "Habitat quality, nestling diet, and provisioning behaviour in great tits Parus major". Journal of Avian Biology. 40 (2): 135–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04362.x.

Mols, C; Visser, M; Jones, Peter (2007). Jones, Peter (ed.). "Great Tits ( Parus major) Reduce Caterpillar Damage in Commercial Apple Orchards". PLOS ONE. 2 (2): e202. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2..202M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000202. PMC 1784073. PMID 17285148.Slabbekoorn, Hans; Margriet Peet (2003). "Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise". Nature. 424 (6946): 267. Bibcode: 2003Natur.424..267S. doi: 10.1038/424267a. PMID 12867967. S2CID 4348883.