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Butterfly Brain

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Metamorphosis is a bewitching natural phenomenon. In biology, it refers to the impressive transformation of shape, structure, or both after proceeding from the juvenile larval stage to the adult stage in an individual’s life cycle. Zhan, S. et al. The genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration. Nature 514, 317–321 (2014). The cerebrum makes up most of the brain. It is found in the cranial vault. The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) and five lobes. All lobes(except one) are named according to the cranial bones on which they lean: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insular lobes. The insular lobe is hidden just beneath the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. ‘Insula’ means island, which the insular lobe is indeed–an isle of gray matter hidden under the surface of the cerebrum.

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Forty patients with butterfly gliomas were treated, 25 (62%) with standard surgical methods and 15 (38%) with awake subcortical mapping and preservation of the cingulum. One patient (1/15, 7%) experienced postoperative abulia following surgery with the cingulum-sparing technique. Greater than 90% resection was achieved in 13/15 (87%) of these patients. Wan, G., Hayden, A. N., Iiams, S. E. & Merlin, C. Cryptochrome 1 mediates light-dependent inclination magnetosensing in monarch butterflies. Nat. Commun. 12, 771 (2021). onion bulb nerves: Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies Get started with central nervous system anatomy and the development of the central nervous system. Cerebrum and cerebral cortex Researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute compared the mushroom body size and behaviors of a tribe of 41 Heliconiini butterfly species. They found that Heliconius mushroom bodies were twice as large as those of their nearest ancestor, the Eueides, and four times as large as their second closest relative, the Dryadula phaetusa. By creating 3D digital models of all the Heliconiini brains, the researchers confirmed they were indeed looking at mushroom body size, and not a decrease in other brain regions.Zhan, S., Merlin, C., Boore, J. L. & Reppert, S. M. The monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long-distance migration. Cell 147, 1171–1185 (2011). All Karnofsky performance scores (KPS) utilized for the purposes of this study were recorded by either a neuro-oncologist or neurosurgeon, or estimated from the medical record based upon the dictated details of the patient’s functional status. Scores at the time of diagnosis, before, and after radiation therapy (XRT) are included. These scores represented the most consistent time points in which functional status was measured in the medical record. Tumor functional grade had been prospectively determined at presentation as described by Sawaya et al. [ 14]. Tumor volume had also been prospectively determined by volumetric analysis of individual patient MRIs using Vitrea 3.5 software (Vital Images, Inc., Minnetonka, MN). For the purpose of this paper and to provide a more accurate description of tumor mass, tumor volume was defined as the sum of T1 enhancement plus necrosis volume. Tumor flair volume data were also included. Extent of resection (EOR) represented the percentage reduction in T1 enhancing tumor volume on post-operative MRIs. Survival time was defined as the number of days from the time of diagnosis to date of death. Adjuvant therapy was defined as any treatment after the procedure (biopsy or decompression) and before progression, and consisted of XRT only, or radiation and chemotherapy. Shine, J. P., Valdés-Herrera, J. P., Tempelmann, C. & Wolbers, T. Evidence for allocentric boundary and goal direction information in the human entorhinal cortex and subiculum. Nat. Commun. 10, 4004 (2019).

butterfly brain? - Answers What is the size of a butterfly brain? - Answers

Patel, R. N. & Cronin, T. W. Mantis shrimp navigate home using celestial and idiothetic path integration. Curr. Biol. 30, 1981–1987 e1983 (2020). The patients with the two largest tumor volumes (greater than 100 cm 3) both underwent surgical decompression. One presented with a KPS of 30 at diagnosis and survived just over 1 month. The other patient presented with a KPS of 90 and is still alive 431 days post procedure. EOR was 36.3 and 52.5 % respectively. Hulse, B. K. & Jayaraman, V. Mechanisms underlying the neural computation of head direction. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 43, 31–54 (2020). Based on the influence of compass perturbations on the neural tuning, we classified the neurons into two types: (i) compass neurons whose angular tuning was linked to the butterflies’ heading direction, such as HD and steering neurons, and (ii) putative GD neurons whose angular tuning was not affected by compass perturbations. The classification was quantified by calculating an HD index for each neuron (for details, see “Methods”, Fig. S6). Positive HD indices were expected from compass neurons that change their angular tuning, represented by the preferred firing direction (pfd), in accordance with the butterfly’s change in mean heading (green neurons in Fig. 1h and Figs. S7a, S6a). In contrast, putative GD neurons should show negative HD indices as their angular tunings were expected to be unaffected by compass perturbations (blue neurons in Fig. 1h and Fig. S7a; Fig. S6b). In total, 55 of 113 neurons (48.7%) were classified as compass neurons (HD index: mean ± standard deviation: 0.38 ± 0.29, Fig. S6c). Their angular tuning changed after compass perturbations if visualized in an absolute frame of reference (0° represents a fixed direction in the setup; upper heatmaps in Fig. 1i). Neither variations in their action potential rate during flight nor their mean spike rate could explain the observed tuning changes ( p = 0.75, U = 1540; two-sided Mann–Whitney U test, Fig. S8). The strong association between the animal’s heading and spatial tuning of compass neurons is apparent when the neurons’ firing rate is plotted relative to the butterflies’ mean heading (0° represents the animal’s heading direction; Fig. S7b). In contrast to this, 58 neurons (51.3%) had negative HD indices (mean ± standard deviation: −0.43 ± 0.32) and might, amongst others, include neurons that represent the animal’s goal direction (lower heatmaps in Fig. 1i). The correlation between their angular tuning measured before and after compass perturbations was much higher than that of compass neurons ( p = 0.001, U = 1027, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test, Fig. 1j). Consistent with this, the pfds of putative GD neurons varied less than those of compass neurons ( p< 0.0001, U = 494, two-sided Mann–Whitney U, Fig. S7c). Moreover, the tuning of these putative GD neurons showed a higher variance of heading offsets than the compass neurons ( p = 0.0054, U = 1113, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test, Fig. 1k) indicating that their angular tuning was not linked to the coding of the butterflies’ compass. Both compass neurons and putative GD neurons fully tiled a 360° representation of angular space (compass neurons: p = 0.76; Z = 0.27; n = 55; putative GD neurons: p = 0.36; Z = 1.01; n = 58 Rayleigh test, Fig. 1l). Altogether, the compass perturbations allowed us to functionally discriminate between two types of neurons, one type that was closely associated with the heading coding (compass neurons) and another type whose spatial tuning was invariant in response to compass perturbations (putative GD neurons). Resetting the butterflies’ goal directionsAll content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Kenhub does not provide medical advice. You can learn more about our content creation and review standards by reading our content quality guidelines. Home to thousands of species of butterflies, the forests of central and South America are fluttering with color and pattern. Two of those species are Heliconius cydno and Heliconius melpomene. They’re closely related, but live in different microhabitats: Heliconius cydno lives deep in the forest, while Heliconius melpomene lives on its edges. Scientists think that studying their brains can help us understand how the brain is involved in speciation, or the formation of distinct species through evolution. Reppert, S. M., Gegear, R. J. & Merlin, C. Navigational mechanisms of migrating monarch butterflies. Trends Neurosci. 33, 399–406 (2010). The researchers then placed the caterpillars at the bottom of a Y-shaped tube that had ethyl alcohol fumes in one arm and no scent in the other. 78% of the conditioned larvae crawled away from the scented arm and into the one with fresh air. Of 336 patients with newly diagnosed GBM who were operated on, 48 (14 %) presented with bGBM, where 29 (60 %) and 19 (40 %) underwent surgical resection and biopsy,

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