Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, 4e

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Hart, V.; Nováková, P.; Malkemper, E.; Begall, S.; Hanzal, V. R.; Ježek, M.; Kušta, T. Š.; Němcová, V.; Adámková, J.; Benediktová, K. I.; Červený, J.; Burda, H. (2013). "Dogs are sensitive to small variations of the Earth's magnetic field". Frontiers in Zoology. 10 (1): 80. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-80. PMC 3882779. PMID 24370002. Dorsally, the cervical part of the dog esophagus relates to the left longus colli and longus capitis muscles. Again, this part of the dog esophagus relates to the trachea ventrally and the right. Coracobrachialis: originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus. It acts to adduct, extend and stabilize the shoulder joint. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. Mesocephaly: mesocephalic dog breeds have a medium sized head with intermediate characteristics between the above two head shapes. They may or may not have a marked stop. Pointers, Beagles, Fox Terriers and similar breeds have skull shapes of this type. The small intestine of a dog is the longest part of the alimentary canal. It extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocecal orifice (junction between the small and large intestine). You will find three parts of a dog’s small intestine – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

You will find a pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube at the dorsolateral wall of the nasal pharynx. Again, there is an interphalangeal opening that opens the nasal pharynx into the laryngopharynx. You will also find the cranial and caudal vesical arteries, pelvic nerve, pudendal nerve, hypogastric, and lumbar lymph nodes in a dog’s urinary bladder structure. Male and female dog organs Nießner, Christine; Denzau, Susanne; Malkemper, Erich Pascal; Gross, Julia Christina; Burda, Hynek; Winklhofer, Michael; Peichl, Leo (2016). "Cryptochrome 1 in Retinal Cone Photoreceptors Suggests a Novel Functional Role in Mammals". Scientific Reports. 6: 21848. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...621848N. doi: 10.1038/srep21848. PMC 4761878. PMID 26898837.Long digital extensor: originates from the extensor fossa of the femur and inserts on the extensor processes of the distal phalanges. It acts to extend the digits and flex the tarsus. It is innervated by the peroneal nerve. If you see the structure of the ureter of a dog, you will find three different distinct layers of smooth muscles – outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner longitudinal. Again, the mucosa layer of the ureter of a dog possesses the transitional epithelium. The urinary bladder of a dog Salivary glands are the accessory organ of the dog digestive system anatomy. In a dog, you will find the same salivary glands – parotid, sublingual, mandibular, and zygomatic as found in the other animals. These are the major salivary glands of the dog’s oral cavity. So, again, you will find some of the minor salivary glands like buccal, palatine, lingual, and molar in the oral cavity of a dog.

Tensor fasciae antebrachium: originates on the fascia covering the latissimus dorsi and inserts on the olecranon. It acts to extend the elbow. It is innervated by the radial nerve. Like most mammals, dogs have only two types of cone photoreceptor, making them dichromats. [24] [25] [26] [27] These cone cells are maximally sensitive between 429nm and 555nm. Behavioural studies have shown that the dog's visual world consists of yellows, blues and grays, [27] but they have difficulty differentiating red and green making their color vision equivalent to red–green color blindness in humans (deuteranopia). When a human perceives an object as "red," this object appears as "yellow" to the dog and the human perception of "green" appears as "white," a shade of gray. This white region (the neutral point) occurs around 480nm, the part of the spectrum which appears blue-green to humans. For dogs, wavelengths longer than the neutral point cannot be distinguished from each other and all appear as yellow. [27] In 1986, a study of skull morphology found that the domestic dog is morphologically distinct from all other canids except the wolf-like canids. The difference in size and proportion between some breeds are as great as those between any wild genera, but all dogs are clearly members of the same species. [5] In 2010, a study of dog skull shape compared to extant carnivorans proposed that "The greatest shape distances between dog breeds clearly surpass the maximum divergence between species in the Carnivora. Moreover, domestic dogs occupy a range of novel shapes outside the domain of wild carnivorans." [6] What are the ligaments that attach to the dog’s uterus? You will find a broad ligament, genital fold, and the round ligament of the uterus. The broad ligament contains fat and smooth muscle that attach the uterus and ovaries to the lateral body wall. Cardiovascular organ of a dog anatomy The dog heart is the muscular organ in the cardiovascular system that covers the fibro serous envelops – pericardium. It is cone-shaped and obliquely placed into the thoracic and possesses a base and apex. The base of the dog heart faces dorsocranially, whereas the apex directs ventrocaudally and to the left side of the median plane.As with other parts of a dog's anatomy, the eyes and ears also differ greatly between breeds. Some dog ears are pointed, rounded, erect, fallen, droopy, etc. Eyes also have different shapes such as rounded, oval or triangular. The position on the face differs between individuals as some may be more centrally placed, others deep set and some may even protrude i a bulging manner. You may know more about the anatomical features of an animal lung from this article. Left lung of a dog To continue with the skeletal structure of the dog's anatomy, we take a look at the extremities. The front limbs of a dog are formed by the following bones (starting with bones closest to the body and moving outwards):

I will show you the small dog organ anatomy from the right and left sides. Again, you will also find a list of organs from male and female dogs with the labeled diagrams. You should emphasize the anatomical features of a dog’s thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs, as most of these are practically important. The thoracic part of the dog esophagus extends from the thoracic inlet to the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. First, it lies to the left of the trachea and crosses the left face, then run over the dorsal surface.

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You will find different paranasal sinuses in a dog’s nasal cavity, including maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus. There are also serous lateral nasal glands present in the nasal cavity of a dog. The larynx of a dog organ anatomy Stomach and intestine – dog, has a pyriform-shaped simple stomach that possesses glandular and non-glandular parts. You will find a strong ileocolic valve at the junction between the ileum and colon of a dog. The anatomy of the dog’s colon is also important as there you may find some difficulties practically. Uterine tube of a dog: it is located between the peritoneal layer of the mesosalpinx and connects the peritoneal cavity with the uterine cavity. It transports the oocytes from the ovary to the uterus. You will find the infundibulum, fimbriae, and uterine ostium in the dog’s uterine tube structure.