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Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use [94] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. The first synthesis and elucidation of the cocaine molecule was by Richard Willstätter in 1898. [133] Willstätter's synthesis derived cocaine from tropinone. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. (-NO 3)

The latest estimate provided by the U.S. authorities on the annual production of cocaine in Colombia refers to 290 metric tons. Boles SM, Miotto K (March–April 2003). "Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 8 (2): 155–174. doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00057-X.Monardes N, Frampton J (1925). Joyfull Newes out of the Newe Founde Worlde. New York: Alfred Knopf. Jeevan Vasagar: cocaine-based "wonder drug" tested on concentration camp inmates". Amphetamines.com. 19 November 2002. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2011. Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, [53] long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface (such as a mobile phone screen, mirror, CD case or book) and divided into "bumps", "lines" or "rails", and then insufflated. [54] A 2001 study reported that the sharing of straws used to "snort" cocaine can spread blood diseases such as hepatitis C. [55] Injection DEA / Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017.

Drugs of Abuse". City of Denison Iowa. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011. Opioid receptor agonists ( opioids) (e.g., morphine, heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone, opium, kratom) Sigma Receptors Play Role in Cocaine-induced Suppression of Immune System". Sciencedaily.com. 6 May 2003. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 March 2010. Ghodse H (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.91. ISBN 978-1-139-48567-8. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Martin RT (October 1970). "The role of coca in the history, religion, and medicine of South American Indians". Economic Botany. 24 (4): 422–438. doi: 10.1007/BF02860746. S2CID 34523519.The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted (and illegal in most contexts) in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the 1970 Controlled Substances Act. Fehrman E, Egan V, Gorban AN, Levesley J, Mirkes EM, Muhammad AK (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. arXiv: 2001.06520. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. Peru Overtakes Colombia as Top Cocaine Producer". NBC News. 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Robins RJ, Waltons NJ, Hamill JD, Parr AJ, Rhodes MJ (October 1991). "Strategies for the genetic manipulation of alkaloid-producing pathways in plants". Planta Medica. 57 (7 Suppl): S27-35. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960226. PMID 17226220. S2CID 45912704. Sniffing Around the History of the McDonald's 'Cocaine Spoon' ". www.mentalfloss.com. 19 March 2021 . Retrieved 14 June 2021.

Lluch J, Rodríguez-Arias M, Aguilar MA, Miñarro J (November 2005). "Role of dopamine and glutamate receptors in cocaine-induced social effects in isolated and grouped male OF1 mice". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 82 (3): 478–87. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.10.003. PMID 16313950. S2CID 13307446. Dwyer C, Sowerby L, Rotenberg BW (August 2016). "Is cocaine a safe topical agent for use during endoscopic sinus surgery?". The Laryngoscope (Review). 126 (8): 1721–1723. doi: 10.1002/lary.25836. PMID 27075241. Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths in the US. The pale green line is cocaine without any opioid (bottom line in 2017). The yellow line is cocaine and synthetic opioids other than methadone (top line in 2017). [62]Hampton WH, Hanik I, Olson IR (2019). "[Substance Abuse and White Matter: Findings, Limitations, and Future of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Research]". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 197 (4): 288–298. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.005. PMC 6440853. PMID 30875650. Fleming, Michael (July 17, 2008). "Jose Padilha to write, direct 'Powder' ". Variety . Retrieved April 6, 2022. Nasal insufflation (known colloquially as "snorting", "sniffing", or "blowing") is a common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine. [50] The drug coats and is absorbed through the mucous membranes lining the nasal passages. Cocaine's desired euphoric effects are delayed when snorted through the nose by about five minutes. This occurs because cocaine's absorption is slowed by its constricting effect on the blood vessels of the nose. [12] Insufflation of cocaine also leads to the longest duration of its effects (60–90 minutes). [12] When insufflating cocaine, absorption through the nasal membranes is approximately 30–60% [51] Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person. You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages. No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug. [175]

Madge T (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-84018-405-1. Drug Fact Sheet: Cocaine" (PDF). Drug Enforcement Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2020 . Retrieved 17 June 2022. Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid–liquid extraction. D'haenen H, den Boer JA, Willner P, eds. (2002). Biological Psychiatry. Vol.2 (2ed.). Wiley. p.528. ISBN 978-0-471-49198-9.Wise RA, Robble MA (January 2020). "Dopamine and Addiction". Annual Review of Psychology. 71 (1): 79–106. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103337. PMID 31905114. Filip M, Bubar MJ, Cunningham KA (September 2004). "Contribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 5-HT2 receptor subtypes to the hyperlocomotor effects of cocaine: acute and chronic pharmacological analyses". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 310 (3): 1246–54. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.068841. PMID 15131246. S2CID 25809734.

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