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Ravilious, Kate (27 February 2006). "Europe's chill linked to disease". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 28 February 2006.
Wade, Nicholas (31 October 2010). "Europe's Plagues Came from China, Study Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2017. The only medical detail that is questionable in Boccaccio's description is that the gavocciolo was an "infallible token of approaching death", as, if the bubo discharges, recovery is possible. [115] Using remains from 145 people found in three UK cemeteries, which had been designated for plague victims, the researchers examined the victims' bones and teeth to make sense of the racial makeup of the deceased. By the end of 1985 I had been in a couple of car crashes, my mother had a serious illness, I had been dropped by a record company, my first marriage went belly-up and I was homeless. Then I sat down and wrote this song called 'Wonderful Life'. I was being sarcastic. [11] [12]a b Philip Daileader, The Late Middle Ages, audio/video course produced by The Teaching Company, (2007) ISBN 978-1-59803-345-8.
The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. [158] According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 (although some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data). [159] [160] The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–1363; 1374; 1400; 1438–1439; 1456–1457; 1464–1466; 1481–1485; 1500–1503; 1518–1531; 1544–1548; 1563–1566; 1573–1588; 1596–1599; 1602–1611; 1623–1640; 1644–1654; and 1664–1667. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the plague's retreat from most of Europe (18thcentury) and northern Africa (19thcentury). [161] Social and religious divisions based on origin, skin colour and appearance were present in both medieval England and Europe. Bennett JM, Hollister CW (2006). Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072955156.According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague; [125] [g] Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it may have been as high as 60%. [126] [h] European writers contemporary with the plague described the disease in Latin as pestis or pestilentia, 'pestilence'; epidemia, 'epidemic'; mortalitas, 'mortality'. [18] In English prior to the 18th century, the event was called the "pestilence" or "great pestilence", "the plague" or the "great death". [18] [19] [20] Subsequent to the pandemic "the furste moreyn" (first murrain) or "first pestilence" was applied, to distinguish the mid-14th century phenomenon from other infectious diseases and epidemics of plague. [18]
Scheidel W (2017). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691165028. This does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred in Italy in the 14th century; the Renaissance's emergence was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors, [150] in combination with an influx of Greek scholars after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. [151] As a result of the drastic reduction in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom. To answer the increased need for labor, workers travelled in search of the most favorable position economically. [152] [ bettersourceneeded] The plague] is portrayed as being an indiscriminate killer, but we actually know it wasn’t,” said Redfern. Previous studies have shown those who experienced poor nutrition in the famine that preceded the plague had a higher risk of dying from the disease. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (24 September 2015). "FAQ: Plague". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 . Retrieved 24 April 2017. The plague’s spread significantly begins to peter out, possibly thanks to quarantine efforts, after causing the deaths of anywhere between 25 to 50 million people, and leading to the massacres of 210 Jewish communities. All total, Europe has lost about 50 percent of its population.
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John of Fordun's Scotichronicon ("there was a great pestilence and mortality of men") Horrox 1994, p.84 Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine. It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995. [175] Another outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014. [176] In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands. [177] Medieval homeowners were supposed to police their housefronts, including removing animal dung, but most urbanites were careless. William E. Cosner, a resident of the London suburb of Farringdon Without, received a complaint alleging that "men could not pass [by his house] for the stink [of] . . . horse dung and horse piss." [71]
Mathematical modelling is used to match the spreading patterns and the means of transmission. In 2018 researchers suggested an alternative model in which "the disease was spread from human fleas and body lice to other people". The second model claims to better fit the trends of the plague's death toll, as the rat-flea-human hypothesis would have produced a delayed but very high spike in deaths, contradicting historical death data. [61] [62]
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Others still favor an origin in China [78] or even Kurdistan, and not Central Asia. The theory of Chinese origin implicates the Silk Road, the disease possibly spreading alongside Mongol armies and traders, or possibly arriving via ship—however, this theory is still contested. It is speculated that rats aboard Zheng He's ships in the 15th century may have carried the plague to Southeast Asia, India and Africa. [80] In 1991, Vearncombe co-founded the Tomato design collective, a worldwide group of directors, designers, artists, writers, producers and composers. He served as a director until 1995. But at length it came to Gloucester, yea even to Oxford and to London, and finally it spread over all England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive. Andrades Valtueña A, Mittnik A, Key FM, Haak W, Allmäe R, Belinskij A, etal. (December 2017). "The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia". Current Biology. 27 (23): 3683–3691.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.025. PMID 29174893. Both sides in the siege are decimated and survivors in Caffa escape by sea, leaving behind streets covered with corpses being fed on by feral animals. One ship arrives in Constantinople, which, once infected, loses as much as 90 percent of its population.
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