Mosquito Men: The Elite Pathfinders of 627 Squadron

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Mosquito bites lead to a variety of mild, occasionally serious, and, rarely, life-threatening allergic reactions. These include ordinary wheal and flare reactions and mosquito bite allergies (MBA). The MBA, also termed hypersensitivity to mosquito bites (HMB), are excessive reactions to mosquito bites that are not caused by any toxin or pathogen in the saliva injected by a mosquito at the time it takes its blood-meal. Rather, they are allergic hypersensitivity reactions caused by the non-toxic allergenic proteins contained in the mosquito's saliva. [129] Studies have shown or suggest that numerous species of mosquitoes can trigger ordinary reactions as well as MBA. These include Aedes aegypti, Aedes vexans, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, Culex pipiens, [130] Aedes communis, Anopheles stephensi, [131] Culex quinquefasciatus, Ochlerotatus triseriatus, [132] and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. [133] Furthermore, there is considerable cross-reactivity between the salivary proteins of mosquitoes in the same family and, to a lesser extent, different families. It is therefore assumed that these allergic responses may be caused by virtually any mosquito species (or other biting insect). [134]

Hallem EA, Nicole Fox A, Zwiebel LJ, Carlson JR (January 2004). "Olfaction: mosquito receptor for human-sweat odorant". Nature. 427 (6971): 212–3. Bibcode: 2004Natur.427..212H. doi: 10.1038/427212a. PMID 14724626. S2CID 4419658. CDC (2009). "Updated Information regarding Insect Repellents". Archived from the original on 2013-05-12 . Retrieved 2017-09-10. {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help) Zika, recently notorious, though rarely deadly, causes fever, joint pain, rashes and conjunctivitis. The most serious consequence appears when the infected person is a pregnant woman, since during pregnancy this virus can originate a birth defect called microcephaly. Mosquitoes are cosmopolitan (world-wide): they are in every land region except Antarctica [65] and a few islands with polar or subpolar climates. Iceland is such an island, being essentially free of mosquitoes. [85] Main article: Mosquito bite allergies Video of a mosquito biting on leg A warning sign about mosquitoes in Sodankylä, FinlandMarten GG, Reid JW (2007). "Cyclopoid copepods". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 23 (2 Suppl): 65–92. doi: 10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17853599. S2CID 7645668. Jones, C.; Schreiber, E. (1994). "The carnivores, Toxorhynchites". Wing Beats. 5 (4): 4. Archived from the original on 2007-08-20.

Jaeger, Edmund C. (1959). A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-06179-1. Singh S, Mann BK (2013). "Insect bite reactions". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 79 (2): 151–64. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.107629. PMID 23442453. Crisp HC, Johnson KS (February 2013). "Mosquito allergy". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 110 (2): 65–9. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.07.023. PMID 23352522. Hribar LJ, Mullen GR. "Predation by Bezzia larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)". Entomol. News. 102: 183–186. Yoon, J. K., Kim, K.-C., Cho, Y., Gwon, Y.-D., Cho, H. S., Heo, Y., Park, K., Lee, Y.-W., Kim, M., Oh, Y.-K., & Kim, Y. B. (2015). Comparison of repellency effect of mosquito repellents for DEET, citronella, and fennel oil. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2015, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/361021

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Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic, include: Gislason G. M.; Gardarsson A. (1988). "Long term studies on Simulium vittatum Zett. (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the River Laxá, North Iceland, with particular reference to different methods used in assessing population changes". Verb. Int. Ver. Limnol. 23 (4): 2179–2188. doi: 10.1080/03680770.1987.11899871.