Robo Alive Dino Fossil Find Series 1

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Butler, M.; King, A. (2004). "Phylogenetic comparative analysis: A modeling approach for adaptive evolution". The American Naturalist. 164 (6): 683–695. doi: 10.1086/426002. PMID 29641928. S2CID 4795316. Females do not reach sexual maturity until their late 50s, the study by French scientists said, while male coelacanths are sexually mature at 40 to 69 years old. And maybe strangest of all, researchers think pregnancy in the fish lasts about five years. Dillon, Robert T.; Robinson, John D. (2009). "The snails the dinosaurs saw: are the pleurocerid populations of the Older Appalachians a relict of the Paleozoic Era?". Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 28 (1): 1–11. doi: 10.1899/08-034.1. ISSN 0887-3593.

Due to their free-swimming and/or free-floating habits, ammonites often happened to live directly above seafloor waters so poor in oxygen as to prevent the establishment of animal life on the seafloor. When upon death the ammonites fell to this seafloor and were gradually buried in accumulating sediment, bacterial decomposition of these corpses often tipped the delicate balance of local redox conditions sufficiently to lower the local solubility of minerals dissolved in the seawater, notably phosphates and carbonates. The resulting spontaneous concentric precipitation of minerals around a fossil, a concretion, is responsible for the outstanding preservation of many ammonite fossils. Nagalingum NS, Marshall CR, Quental TB, Rai HS, Little DP, Mathews S (11 November 2011). "Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil". Science (published 20 October 2011). 334 (6057): 796–799. Bibcode: 2011Sci...334..796N. doi: 10.1126/science.1209926. PMID 22021670. S2CID 206535984. Most everyone has wondered, at one time or another, what it would be like to live alongside dinosaurs. It’s been a fruitful avenue for imagination since at least the 19th century, when naturalists realized that fossils were the remains of lifeforms they’d never have the pleasure of seeing in the flesh. Jules Verne’s 1871 novel Journey to the Center of the Earth , in which an eccentric German scientist descends into the planet’s bowels and encounters archaic creatures, is the perfect expression of this fantasy.Sexual dimorphism [ edit ] Discoscaphites iris, Owl Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Ripley, Mississippi, US Oxycone – Strongly involute and very narrow, with sharp ventral keels and a streamlined, lenticular ( lens-shaped) cross-section. These ammonoids are estimated to be nektonic (well-adapted to rapid active swimming), as their shell form incurs very little drag and allows for efficient, stable coasting even in turbulent flow regimes. [10]

McLoughlin S., Vajda V.; Vajda (2005). "Ancient wollemi pines resurgent". American Scientist. 93 (6): 540–547. doi: 10.1511/2005.56.981. Before the body disappears completely, it is buried by sediment - usually mud, sand or silt. Often at this point only the bones and teeth remain. Bomfleur B, McLoughlin S, Vajda V (March 2014). "Fossilized nuclei and chromosomes reveal 180 million years of genomic stasis in royal ferns". Science. 343 (6177): 1376–7. Bibcode: 2014Sci...343.1376B. doi: 10.1126/science.1249884. PMID 24653037. S2CID 38248823. Modern paleontologists have a variety of tools that help them discover, examine, and describe fossils. Electron microscopes allow paleontologists to study the tiniest details of the smallest fossils. X-ray machines and CT scanners reveal fossils' internal structures. Advanced computer programs can analyze fossil data, reconstruct skeletons, and visualize the bodies and movements of extinct organisms.

2. Australia’s biggest known dinosaur

a b Herrera-Flores, Jorge A.; Stubbs, Thomas L.; Benton, Michael J. (2017). "Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?". Palaeontology. 60 (3): 319–328. doi: 10.1111/pala.12284. The fact that a living fossil is a surviving representative of an archaic lineage does not imply that it must retain all the "primitive" features ( plesiomorphies) of its ancestral lineage. Although it is common to say that living fossils exhibit "morphological stasis", stasis, in the scientific literature, does not mean that any species is strictly identical to its ancestor, much less remote ancestors.

Further information: Ghost lineage, Signor–Lipps effect, and Biostratigraphy Some of the most remarkable gaps in the fossil record (as of October 2013) show slanting toward organisms with hard parts. Chambers, T.C.; Drinnan, A.N.; McLoughlin, S. (1998). "Some morphological features of Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis: Araucariaceae) and their comparison to Cretaceous plant fossils". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 159: 160–171. doi: 10.1086/297534. S2CID 84425685. Hagino, K.; Young, J. R.; Bown, P. R.; Godrijan, J.; Kulhanek, D.; Kogane, K.; Horiguchi, T. (2015). "Re-discovery of a "living fossil" coccolithophore from the coastal waters of Japan and Croatia". Marine Micropaleontology. 116 (1): 28–37. Bibcode: 2015MarMP.116...28H. doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2015.01.002. Heteromorphs [ edit ] Baculites ammonite from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming, US: The original aragonite of the outer conch and inner septa has dissolved away, leaving this articulated internal mold. Heteromorph ammonite Didymoceras stevensoni Many ammonite shells have been found with round holes once interpreted as a result of limpets attaching themselves to the shells. However, the triangular formation of the holes, their size and shape, and their presence on both sides of the shells, corresponding to the upper and lower jaws, is more likely evidence of the bite of a medium-sized mosasaur preying upon ammonites.Ginkgos not only have existed for a long time, but also have a long life span, with some having an age of over 2,500 years. Six specimens survived the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, 1 to 2 kilometers from ground zero. They still live there today. Ferns were the dominant plant group in the Jurassic period, with some species, such as Osmunda claytoniana, maintaining evolutionary stasis for at least 180 million years. [33] [34] Bacteria [ edit ] Fossils form in five ways: preservation of original remains, permineralization, molds and casts, replacement, and compression. A thin living tube called a siphuncle passed through the septa, extending from the ammonite's body into the empty shell chambers. Through a hyperosmotic active transport process, the ammonite emptied water out of these shell chambers. This enabled it to control the buoyancy of the shell and thereby rise or descend in the water column. Fossils are our best form of evidence about the history of life on Earth. In addition, fossils can give us clues about past climates, the motions of plates, and other major geological events.