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Smoluchowski, R. (1971). "Metallic interiors and magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn". The Astrophysical Journal. 166: 435. Bibcode: 1971ApJ...166..435S. doi: 10.1086/150971. Jupiter is a gas giant, being primarily composed of gas and liquid rather than solid matter. It is the largest planet in the Solar System, with a diameter of 142,984km (88,846mi) at its equator, giving it a volume 1,321 times that of the Earth. [2] [38] Its average density, 1.326g/cm 3, [d] is lower than those of the four terrestrial planets. [40] [41] Composition

Frank H.Shu: The physical universe: an introduction to astronomy.Wyd.12.University Science Books,1982,s.426,seria:Series of books in astronomy. ISBN 0-935702-05-9. Decametric radio bursts (with a wavelength of tens of metres) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by the interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field. [164] A 340-kilogram titanium atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7. [61] It parachuted through 150km (93mi) of the atmosphere at a speed of about 2,575km/h (1600mph) [61] and collected data for 57.6minutes until the spacecraft was destroyed. [178] The Galileo orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003. NASA destroyed the spacecraft to avoid any possibility of the spacecraft crashing into and possibly contaminating the moon Europa, which may harbour life. [177] Main article: Jupiter mass Jupiter with its moon Europa on the left. Earth's diameter is 11 times smaller than Jupiter, and 4 times larger than Europa.Quinn, T.; Tremaine, S.; Duncan, M. Planetary perturbations and the origins of short-period comets.„Astrophysical Journal, Part 1”.355,s.667–679,1990. DOI: 10.1086/168800. Bibcode: 1990ApJ...355..667Q. ( ang.).

a b c d e f g h Williams, David R. (December 23, 2021). "Jupiter Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019 . Retrieved October 13, 2017. Starr, Michelle (December 13, 2017). "NASA Just Watched a Mass of Cyclones on Jupiter Evolve Into a Mesmerising Hexagon". Science Alert. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021 . Retrieved May 26, 2021.a b White, Greg (November 25, 2015). "Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot nearing its twilight?". Space.news. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017 . Retrieved April 13, 2017. In the autumn of 1639, the Neapolitan optician Francesco Fontana tested a 22-palm telescope of his own making and discovered the characteristic bands of the planet's atmosphere. [151] In Latin, Iovis is the genitive case of Iuppiter, i.e. Jupiter. It is associated with the etymology of Zeus ('sky father'). The English equivalent, Jove, is only known to have come into use as a poetic name for the planet around the 14th century. [21] a b Kunde, V. G.; Flasar, F. M.; Jennings, D. E.; Bézard, B.; Strobel, D. F.; etal. (September 10, 2004). "Jupiter's Atmospheric Composition from the Cassini Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment". Science. 305 (5690): 1582–1586. Bibcode: 2004Sci...305.1582K. doi: 10.1126/science.1100240. PMID 15319491. S2CID 45296656. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved April 4, 2007.

Sonda przeleciała w odległości 1684 promieni Jowisza, czyli ok. 120 390 000 km od środka masy planety, co daje ok. 12 320 000 km od powierzchni Jowisza. The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial solar nebula. [48] Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun. [49] Jupiter's helium abundance is about 80% that of the Sun due to precipitation of these elements as helium-rich droplets, a process that happens deep in the planet's interior. [50] [51] Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft performed planetary flyby manoeuvres that brought them within observation range of Jupiter. The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the Jovian system. Radio occultations by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening. [55] :47 [172] A. Sachs. Babylonian Observational Astronomy.„ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society”.276(1257),s.43–50 [45 & 48–9],1974-05-02. Royal Society. JSTOR: 74273. ( ang.). According to the Nice model, infall of proto- Kuiper belt objects over the first 600 million years of Solar System history caused Jupiter and Saturn to migrate from their initial positions into a 1:2 resonance, which caused Saturn to shift into a higher orbit, disrupting the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, depleting the Kuiper belt, and triggering the Late Heavy Bombardment. [35]

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Polyanin, Andrei D.; Chernoutsan, Alexei (October 18, 2010). A Concise Handbook of Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering Sciences. CRC Press. p.1041. ISBN 978-1-4398-0640-1. Jupiter's rotation is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an equatorial bulge easily seen through an amateur telescope. Because Jupiter is not a solid body, its upper atmosphere undergoes differential rotation. The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is about 5minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere. [133] The planet is an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its equator is longer than the diameter measured between its poles. [84] On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is 9,276km (5,764mi) longer than the polar diameter. [2]

T. Cavalié, B. Benmahi, V. Hue, R. Moreno, E. Lellouch, T. Fouchet, P. Hartogh, L. Rezac, T. K. Greathouse, G. R. Gladstone, J.A. Sinclair, M. Dobrijevic, F. Billebaud, C. Jarchow. First direct measurement of auroral and equatorial jets in the stratosphere of Jupiter.„Astronomy & Astrophysics”.647,2021. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140330. Z.Z.Xi. The Discovery of Jupiter’s Satellite Made by Gan-De 2000 Years Before Galileo.„Acta Astrophysica Sinica”.1(2),s.87,1981. Bibcode: 1981AcApS...1...87X. ( ang.). Youssef, A.; Marcus, P.S. The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger.„Icarus”.162(1),s.74–93,2003. DOI: 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X. Bibcode: 2003Icar..162...74Y. ( ang.).

Magnetosfera

Jupiter's mass is 318 times that of Earth; [2] 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. It is so massive that its barycentre with the Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's centre. [54] [55] :6 Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun, [56] and its mass is one thousandth the mass of the Sun, as the densities of the two bodies are similar. [57] A " Jupiter mass" ( M J or M Jup) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. For example, the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of 0.69 M J, while the brown dwarf Gliese 229 b has a mass of 60.4 M J. [58] [59] The Great Red Spot may have been observed as early as 1664 by Robert Hooke and in 1665 by Cassini, although this is disputed. The pharmacist Heinrich Schwabe produced the earliest known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831. [154] The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878. [155] It was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th century. [156] Harper, Douglas. "Jove". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022 . Retrieved March 22, 2022. Guillot, Tristan (1999). "Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System" (PDF). Science. 286 (5437): 72–77. Bibcode: 1999Sci...286...72G. doi: 10.1126/science.286.5437.72. PMID 10506563. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 . Retrieved April 24, 2022. Receivers for Radio JOVE". NASA. March 1, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021 . Retrieved September 9, 2020.