One Step 50 x Vet Pet Urine Test Strips - Veterinary Animal - Cats - Dogs

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It is essential to note that the presence of leukocytes in the urine does not always indicate an infection or other problem in the urinary tract, as many factors can influence the results of a urinalysis. Therefore, a thorough evaluation by a veterinarian is necessary to determine the underlying cause of the leukocytes to prescribe appropriate treatment. Nitrites Ketonuria indicates a shift from carbohydrate metabolism to fat metabolism. In small animals, this shift is most commonly associated with ketosis secondary to diabetes mellitus, but starvation also results in increased ketones. These conditions are characterized by metabolic demands that exceed the level that can be provided by carbohydrate metabolism. Occult Blood Urobilinogen. The presence of urobilinogen in urine indicates that the bile duct is open, and that bile can flow from the gall bladder into theintestine. A negative urobilinogen result has no interpretation and does not mean the bile duct is obstructed.

a. The conclusion could not be established without knowledge of the patient's hydration status, a water-deprivation test and perhaps a vasopressin-response test. The fact that urine dilution of this magnitude has occurred suggests, but does not prove, that a sufficient population of functional nephrons is present to concentrate urine. e. Although magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths may be present, struvite crystalluria is not by itself a reliable index of their occurrence. The initial scanning of the slide is performed on low power (10×), which enables the examiner to evaluate the quantity of material present and quality of the sample preparation. Using the fine focus while scanning, the examiner can assess particles suspended in different planes of the fluid.The test determines values from 0,05 to 0,10 mg nitrite/dl urine. The reaction in the case of pets is not as sensitive as in the case of humans, because an adequate nitrate concentration, as provided by a vegetarian diet, is not always present with a carnivorous diet. Every pink colour change of the test field means that a possible bacterial urinary tract infection should be investigated through further examination (urine sediment, microbiology).

The presence of nitrites may prompt further diagnostic tests, such as a urine culture, to identify the specific bacteria responsible for causing the infection and determine the most appropriate treatment. Antibiotics are often used to treat bacterial urinary tract infections. Urobilinogen to 1 mg urobilinogen/dl urine can be shown. The colour comparison fields correspond to the following values: norm. (normal), 2,4,8,12 mg/dL, respectively, norm. (normal), 35, 70, 140, 200 μmol/l. b. Dilution of glomerular filtrate to this degree requires a sufficient population of functional nephrons (at least one-third in dogs) to remove solute in excess of water (e.g. urine dilution). Collection Method: How does one obtain a urine sample from a pet? There are three means of collection: free-catch (where someone with a bowl or ladle catches a mid-stream urine sample from a pet when it’s urinating outside, or when urine is gathered from a kitty’s litterbox), catheterization (in which a urinary catheter is sterilely placed through a patient’s urethra into the urinary bladder), or cystocentesis (which involves a small needle on a syringe directed through the skin of the abdomen directly into the urinary bladder by your vet). Cystocentesis is the “cleanest” means of collection as it removes the potential for contaminates to enter the urine sample, unlike a free-catch sample which can allow fur, grass, dirt, or fecal matter to fall into the sample during collection (altering the results). (Although the thought of having a needle directed into your pet’s abdomen may sound a little scary, it’s very similar to the use of a needle for bloodwork or vaccines.)

What are the benefits of using a dog urine catcher?

Mid-stream free flow. Urine is voided voluntarily by pet in the usual way and a sample is collected into a sterile container as the pet urinates. Ideally, the sample is collected mid-stream, meaning partway through urination. This type of sample is often called a “free flow” or “free catch” sample. The advantages of this method are that it is completely non-invasive, and the pet owner can collect the urine sample at home. The disadvantages are that it may be difficult to collect a sample in mid-stream from some pets, and the urine is more likely to be contaminated by miscellaneous debris from the urethra or the environment. Blood. Blood in the urine usually indicates there is bleeding somewhere in the urinary system. Sometimes this is due to how the sample was collected; for example, small amounts of blood are often found in samples collected by cystocentesis or catheterization. Blood in the urine is associated with diseases such as bacterial infection, bladder stones, trauma, or cancer, so if blood in the urine does not appear to be due to the sampling method, further investigation is recommended. Sugar: Sugar is also not normally found in urine. Its presence signals the possibility of diabetes mellitus.

Acidity (pH): The pH level indicates the acidity of the urine. In healthy pets, the urine pH is typically in the 6.5 to 7.0 range. If the pH is acidic (pH below 6) or alkaline (pH above 7) it may allow bacteria to thrive and crystals or stones to form. However, do not be alarmed if your pet’s urine pH is not 6.5. Throughout the day there are normal pH variations in the urine, especially associated with eating certain foods and medications. So, one single slightly higher or lower urine pH reading is not alarming if the rest of the urinalysis is within the normal range. If it is consistently abnormal, your veterinarian may wish to investigate further. pH : The pH level for a healthy dog is typically between 6.5 to 7.0. If the pH is not within this range, it may allow bacteria to thrive. However, your dog’s pH level may fluctuate throughout the day, so if your dog’s pH level does not fall within this range, you shouldn’t be immediately alarmed. GLUCOSE TEST PADS typically contain labile enzymes (glucose oxidase and peroxidase). If these proteinaceous enzymes become inactive, false-negative results will result.

Best Test Strips: INVBIO-Pet Urine Test Strips 14 Parameter For Dogs & Cats

Urobilinogen is formed from the reduction of bilirubin, which is a yellowish substance found in the liver that helps break down red blood cells. Elevated levels of urobilinogen in the urine of cats and dogs can indicate various conditions, including liver disease, hemolytic anemia, and some forms of bacterial infections. Protein The sample should be examined within an hour of collection for the best results. A meticulous urinalysis can detect kidney diseases before they progress to kidney failure. Bilirubin, glucose, ketones, and hemoglobin levels can diagnose various metabolic conditions, infections, and blood diseases [2].

Examination at high power (40×) enables the examiner to evaluate cell number and morphology, and identify casts and crystals. Each of these elements may be counted by averaging the number of elements in 10 fields. The cells, casts, and crystals are reported as the average number per high-power field (HPF) or low-power field (LPF). Cells Ketones are normally produced at low levels that are undetectable in urine. They are formed during fat metabolism and include acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. The glomerulus freely filters ketones, which are then excreted in the urine. Microalbuminuria. Species-specific microalbuminuria assays can detect urine albumin concentrations as low as 1 mg/dL. Opinions vary on the use of these assays and their clinical implication, but some consider even small amounts of albumin in the urine as abnormal, possibly indicating early or subclinical glomerular disease. Glucose False positive results could be shown due to extremely alkaline urine (pH >9), resulting from traces of disinfectants or various types of medication.Epithelial Cells. Low numbers of epithelial cells are found in the urine of healthy animals; particularly those samples obtained by catheterization, as cells slough and are replaced by new cells. In unstained wet mounts, it is difficult to differentiate epithelial cells based on size. Because this is a sensitive test (but not very specific), a negative reaction is usually reliable, which makes it a good screening test. You can tell so much from a pet’s urine so I think that this a great product for pet owners who want to be proactive with their pet’s health, or for pet owners who want to keep tabs on a specific condition in their pet.