The Talmud and the Internet: A Journey Between Worlds

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Several other branches of the U.S. government, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Department of Energy (DOE) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET. In the mid-1980s, all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP/IP. NASA developed the NASA Science Network, NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet. Kenya had deployed mobile cellular in 1992 using Enhanced Total Access Communications System network technology, which—being analog—could not support the Internet. Digital Kenya is an exceptional book highlighting the digital progress to date, and future of, digital business in Kenya. The changes and experiences in Kenya are laying the groundwork for the spread of the revolution across the continent. Scholars focused on entrepreneurship, corporate strategy in emerging markets, digital business, or Africa need to take advantage of this significant book and the great insights it provides.” (Garry Bruton, Neeley School of Business at Texas Christian University & associate editor of Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal) Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This technology continues to have a large impact on how we navigate and view the internet today.

Do you see the L?" "Yes, we see the L," came the response. We typed the O, and we asked, "Do you see the O." "Yes, we see the O." Then we typed the G, and the system crashed ... On an unlimited plan? We may temporarily slow your speed at any time if our network is busy. We may also slow it after you use more than 50GB or 22GB of data in a single bill period. Signs of AT&T Throttling Network Congestion: when multiple users are connected to the same internet tower. Then, network congestion occurs. AT&T tends to slow users’ internet speed during network congestion to divide bandwidth equally among users. The ARPANET was officially decommissioned in 1990, whilst in 1995 the NFTNET was shut down and the Internet effectively privatised. By then, the network - no longer the private enclave of computer scientists or militaries - had become the Internet, a new galaxy of communication ready to be fully explored and populated. The Internet Defensiveness was a principal barrier thrown up by the incumbents as they defended their positions—sparking innovation and market disruption. This behavior has been consistent and keeps refreshing the market with new and improved services at lower costs. Disruptive Innovation Is the Weapon against Big Players

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AT&T throttles users’ connection and slows down their internet speeds. Throttling is done to prevent network congestion and, as a result, data caps. However, ISP throttling can be prevented using several methods. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. This results in the fledgling definition of the internet as connected TCP/IP internets. TCP/IP remains the standard protocol for the internet. Examples include political activities such as public protest and canvassing of support and votes, but also: Many free VPNs advertise themselves as a reliable tool for helping users bypass ISP throttling issues. However, using a free VPN to get rid of AT&T throttling can be problematic since these VPNs come with several issues. Reflecting upon the past years, can you point out one of the biggest “Aha!” moments that you have had?

Data Caps: AT&T has data caps, so when a user exceeds the limit, which is 50GB, then the ISP will throttle your connection. AT&T throttling practices have long since gained immense attention. The ISP has faced several lawsuits over throttling allegations, eventually resulting in costly settlements. In 2014, the FTC sued AT&T for throttling users’ data on the unlimited plan when they reached a specific threshold. Although AT&T is one of the most popular ISPS in the US, it has a history of throttling its users, and slow speeds are a common issue for them. Since the ISP is notorious for throttling its users, most people take up Reddit to complain about its throttling practices.As someone who runs a for-profit company, if someone wants to provide you with grant funding, you look at all that is going on in the market and you are to decide if it fits the company’s focus and mission. I will take the free money if you hand it to me, but it has to be aligned with what I am trying to do. You need to dump money into me because what I am doing is great, not because what you are doing is great and you want me to do it for you. This type of decision is hard for younger executives, because it comes with some experience. If you are a leader of a company, you have to be strong enough to make the right call for your company. And if you are not making the right call and take a grant that does not make sense for your company, well, that is on you. Do not blame an industry because you made a bad decision. Data Caps: Some AT&T plans come with data caps. If you exceed your allotted data limit, your internet speed may be reduced for the remainder of your billing cycle. For angels investors, those who have significant-enough disposable income to risk on investing, in Kenya it is a lot easier to put money into something like property and real estate. That is because we are seeing year-on-year growth of that. It is just astronomical! So it tends to be a smart decision to put your money into those things. What we are starting to see, however, are people in business who have made enough money that they are willing to diversify their portfolio out of just real estate. Where it has changed over the past two to three years is that we are seeing a few more people willing to dabble in tech investments locally. It is not large money—maybe USD25,000 here, USD100,000 there—but it is enough to get some companies off the ground. This will continue once angel investors start seeing a little bit of success, and this will bring in more of their peers.

A dynamic environment that spawned disruption and was not limited to the technologies and processes but also included the actors was a key to change. Internet advocacy has seen a large turnover among CSOs because of disruptive pathways to enabling policies. Government-imposed barriers that spawned innovations included banning the Internet outright, closing the Kenya Internet Exchange, and imposing punitive costs.

Illegal activities: At times when users are performing illegal activities, AT&T throttles users’ connection. This is done to prevent customers from indulging in illegal and harmful activities. It is clear that the evolution of the Internet in Kenya has been rapid, with fundamental changes affecting every stakeholder: Then, we came across the post-election violence and craziness that were happening after the elections. Ushahidi was formed, and I was one of the founders. I remember that I came to Nairobi in August of 2008 and was sitting down with a bunch of other guys at BarCamp Nairobi. There was a large turnout. A great amount of interest, and there was everybody present. All the guys who are now CEOs of their own start-ups in the ecosystem, but we were still just ordinary tech guys at the time. The term "internet" was reflected in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol (RFC 675: [98] Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974) as a short form of internetworking, when the two terms were used interchangeably. In general, an internet was a collection of networks linked by a common protocol. In the time period when the ARPANET was connected to the newly formed NSFNET project in the late 1980s, the term was used as the name of the network, Internet, being the large and global TCP/IP network. [99] The NWG however needed almost two years to write the software, but eventually, by 1970 the ARPANET had its first host-to-host protocol, the Network Control Protocol (NCP). By December 1970 the original four-node network had expanded to 10 nodes and 19 hosts computers. Four months later, the ARPANET had grown to 15 nodes and 23 hosts.