Romans at War: The Roman Military in the Republic and Empire

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This is one of the three public loos that’s been left here at Vindalanda. You’d have had twelve wooden seats along here. You’d sit down, do your business straight into the drain below and probably have a chat with some of your friends as you did so. Roman expansion in Italy from 500 BC to 218 BC through the Latin War (light red), Samnite Wars (pink/orange), Pyrrhic War (beige), and First and Second Punic War (yellow and green). Cisalpine Gaul (238-146 BC) and Alpine valleys (16-7 BC) were later added. The Roman Republic in 500 BC is marked with dark red. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages [37] on a tribal system similar to that of Rome, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond. [38] One by one, Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities that were either under Etruscan control or else Latin towns that had cast off their Etruscan rulers, as had Rome. [38] Rome defeated the Lavinii and Tusculi in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, [37] [39] [40] were defeated by the Veientes in the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC, [41] [42] defeated the Sabines in an unnamed battle in 449 BC, [39] the Aequi in the Battle of Mount Algidus in 458 BC, the Aequi and Volsci in 446 BC, [43] [44] in the Battle of Corbio, [45] in 446 BC the Aurunci in the Battle of Aricia, [46] the Capture of Fidenae in 435 BC [42] [47] and the Siege of Veii in 396 BC, [42] [45] [47] [48] and the Capture of Antium in 377 BC. [49] After defeating the Veientes, the Romans had effectively completed the conquest of their immediate Etruscan neighbours, [50] as well as secured their position against the immediate threat posed by the tribespeople of the Apennine hills. In the meantime, it also affected the agriculture as well as diet regime of the empire. Since the enlargement the population in Apennine peninsula had increased and led to certain changes in agriculture, such as switch to goat breeding from cattle, indicating higher levels of protein supply in the diet which played a crucial role in stature of the locals. [51] Tarquin also agreed to a peace with the Aequi, and renewed the treaty of peace between Rome and the Etruscans. [29] According to the Fasti Triumphales, Tarquin also won a victory over the Sabines. the Achaean War (146 BC), during which Corinth was destroyed and Southern Greece divided in two provinces.

Only men could be in the Roman Army, no women were allowed. There were two main types of Roman soldiers: legionaries and auxiliaries . Battle of Ravenna – Bonifacius defeats rival Roman general Flavius Aetius, but is mortally wounded in the process. BC - Battle of Aquae Sextiae - Romans under Gaius Marius defeat Teutons, with mass suicides among the captured women. Rodgers, Nigel. The Roman Army: Legions, Wars and Campaigns: A Military History of the World's First Superpower From the Rise of the Republic and the Might of the Empire to the Fall of the West , Southwater, 2005, ISBN 1-84476-210-6September – Battle of Vosges – Caesar decisively defeats the forces of the Germanic chieftain Ariovistus near modern Belfort

BC, 22 June – Battle of Pydna – Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus defeat and capture Macedonian King Perseus. The Second Mithridatic War began when Rome tried to annex Bithynia as a province. In the Third Mithridatic War, first Lucius Licinius Lucullus and then Pompey the Great were sent against Mithridates. [195] Mithridates was finally defeated by Pompey in the night-time Battle of the Lycus. [196] After defeating Mithridates, Pompey invaded Caucacus, subjugated the Kingdom of Iberia and established Roman control over Colchis. BC – Battle of Heraclea – First engagement of Roman and Greek armies, the latter led by Pyrrhus of Epirus, who is victorious, but at great cost.Under Lucius Mummius, Corinth was destroyed following a siege in 146 BC, leading to the surrender and thus conquest of the Achaean League (see Battle of Corinth). Battle of Mount Olympus – Romans under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso allied with Attalus II of Pergamum deliver a crushing defeat to an army of Galatian Gauls Goldsmith, An Estimate of the Size and Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire, p. 263 Julius Caesar (1869). The Spanish War. Trans. William Alexander McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. New York: Harper & Brothers – via Wikisource. BC, 6 October – Battle of Arausio – Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus

century BC [ edit ] Roman expansion in Italy from 500 BC to 218 BC through the Latin War (light red), Samnite Wars (pink/orange), Pyrrhic War (beige), and First and Second Punic War (yellow and green). Cisalpine Gaul (238-146 BC) and Alpine valleys (16-7 BC) were later added. The Roman Republic in 500 BC is marked with dark red.Battle of Bergamo – Romans under General Ricimer defeated Alan invasion of Italy and killed their king. The internal unrest reached its most serious stage in the two civil wars or marches upon Rome by the consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla at the beginning of 82 BC. In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome, a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Roman senate and its Samnite allies. [191] Whatever the merits of his grievances against those in power of the state, his actions marked a watershed of the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars of the triumvirate, the overthrowing of the Senate as the de facto head of the Roman state, and the eventual endemic usurpation of power by contenders for the emperor-ship in the later Empire. Battle somewhere in Thrace: a band of Goths led Alaric I is defeated by Romans under Stilicho [15] [16] Battle of Agrigentum (456) – An army of the Western Roman Empire, led by the Romano-Suebian general Ricimer, drove off an invading fleet sent by the Vandal king Gaiseric to raid Sicily.